Symptoms and Causes

Common Symptoms Requiring Colposcopy

• Abnormal Pap smear results
• Positive high-risk HPV test
• Persistent vaginal discharge
• Bleeding after intercourse
• Unexplained pelvic pain
• Postmenopausal bleeding
• Suspicion of precancerous cervical changes

Major Causes

• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection — the leading cause of cervical cancer
• Weakened immune system affecting cervical cell health
• Long-term smoking, which damages cervical tissues
• Chronic cervical inflammation or infections
• Genetic and lifestyle factors increasing cancer risk

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Treatments

Colposcopy itself is a diagnostic step, but may include minor treatments during the procedure when needed.

• Magnified examination of the cervix to identify abnormal cells
• Application of acetic acid or iodine to highlight suspicious areas
• Targeted biopsy of abnormal tissue for laboratory analysis
• Cryotherapy or laser ablation to remove precancerous lesions
• LEEP/LLETZ procedure to excise abnormal cervical tissue
• Close monitoring and repeat screening based on biopsy results
• Referral for oncology care in confirmed cancer cases

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Prevention

Early detection through routine cervical screening and preventive practices significantly reduces cervical cancer risk.

• Regular Pap smear and HPV testing as per recommended schedule
• HPV vaccination to prevent high-risk HPV infections
• Avoiding smoking to reduce cervical tissue damage
• Maintaining good genital hygiene
• Practicing safe sex and using condoms
• Timely follow-up after abnormal screening results
• Strengthening immunity through a healthy lifestyle